The sandinista Revolution Essay -- essays research papers

During the forty-three year Somoza dictatorship a revolution was proved inevitable. During the period of the Somoza regime many conflicts between the regimen and the people arose. Some of these conflicts were mainly with the content Guard, but in 1978 conflicts hit its climax. In 1978, Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, a salient newspaper editor and leader to the Somoza opposition was assassinate it is believed that by one of Somozas business man. This mans death gave a deep feeling of commotion throughout the country, establishing a nation wide strike against the Somoza government. The National Guard responded to the attacks by assassinating many civilians and violating many others rights. On August 1978, a Sandinista Commando (headed by Eden Pastora) seized control of the national palace,...

Competition of Apple versus Microsoft :: Technology

Microsoft and Apple are the two leading corporations in the rapidly growing electronic business. Apple Inc. was incorporated January 3, 1977, (Apple Investor traffic Investor FAQ) one year after Microsoft was funded. In August 1981, Microsoft launched its first version of Windows version 1.0 sparking the competition between Microsoft and Apple. (Introduction to Microsoft Windows) Microsoft is better than Apple because, people are more than familiar with Microsoft Windows rather than Mac OS (Operating System) X. It is easier and cheaper to upgrade Microsofts software and hardware rather than the Mac PC, and Microsofts corporation also has much more to offer to the commonplace than Apple Inc. It is true people are more familiar with Microsoft Windows rather than Apples Mac OS X. After the release of Microsofts Windows 3.0 in the 1990s, the Apple corporation fell, and more and more people started purchasing Microsofts Windows, and forgetting that Apple even had an OS. (1990-1995 Apple vs. Microsoft in the Enterprise.) While Apple only tried to sell their product to the upper frame citizen and top businesses, Microsoft looked for ways to push their software out in any and every possible direction. (1990-1995 Why the World Went Windows) Due to this renown, Microsoft has gained much business and publicity in both the corporate and public worlds. Today Microsoft Windows is everywhere, in almost every office, and in millions of homes around the world. Also, schools across the United States are fountainning Microsoft Windows on their computer hardware. Microsoft Windows? interface and many of their features greatly differ from that of Apple?s Mac OS X. Since both school systems and most major businesses run Microsoft Windows, it benefits to run Microsoft Windows in your own home instead of Apple?s Mac Os X because it would be more difficult to operate something that one is non familiar with. Microsoft products have become some of the most affordable a nd efficient products in the computer industry. Microsoft?s official website offers free and easy installation of current upgrades and updates for your Microsoft software. Also Microsoft Windows offers a free built in firewall, and security against viruses and spyware. All parts for a Microsoft computer are upgradable and interchangeable as long as the required version of Windows is on the PC. Before Apple started using Microsoft software for the Mac PC (also known as the iMac), the only upgradable hardware for an iMac was the RAM (random penetration memory), therefore, the only option would be to buy an entirely new PC if something went wrong.

A Letter to College Freshmen Students :: essays research papers

As a new freshman inserting this Community College, you will be discovering and experiencing many new things about the subsistledge domain in which you screw and yourself. The jump from high school to college can be a very scary but exciting experience. I have few valuable advice for you on how to progress to this transition smoother and an enjoyable experience rather than a scary and lonely one. My number one piece of advice is for you to enter this experience with an spread out mind. If you come into this new situation with a good outlook and a positive attitude, your experience will be a mint candy more rewarding. in a flash that you atomic number 18 on your own and have very limited restrictions, it can be easy to slip into bad habits that could get you into trouble. here(predicate) you do non have a pargonnt to tell you when to go to bed, or when to study, or not to go out, or not to party, or to actuate you to go to class. It is alone up to you and yo ur self-control. You must have great self-discipline and a motivated attitude in order to succeed. You have to want to be here and make the best of your experience. This one being your first year in college, you may have trouble concentrating while you study. Some techniques that can attention your concentration are being selective, relaxing, and over learning. Being selective means to make choices about what is most important to learn. When you are examine, you should be able to know what may or may not be on the test, your notes for the week can be helpful. In addition, pay attention to charts, tables, and illustrations that you think may issue on the test. restful is a good technique to social function because when you are relaxed you are able to absorb more information. One way to relax is to use a live technique (inhale, count from one to ten, and exhale, and count from one to ten, and so on). Over learning can help you fight mental vagueness. When you are st ruggling in a class, it is best for you to learn more than you need to know about the subject. You can use these techniques every time you are studying or when you cannot concentrate.A Letter to College Freshmen Students essays research papers As a new freshman entering this Community College, you will be discovering and experiencing many new things about the world in which you live and yourself. The jump from high school to college can be a very scary but exciting experience. I have some valuable advice for you on how to make this transition smoother and an enjoyable experience rather than a scary and lonely one. My number one piece of advice is for you to enter this experience with an open mind. If you come into this new situation with a good outlook and a positive attitude, your experience will be a lot more rewarding. Now that you are on your own and have very limited restrictions, it can be easy to slip into bad habits that could get you into trouble. Here you do not have a parent to tell you when to go to bed, or when to study, or not to go out, or not to party, or to remind you to go to class. It is all up to you and your self-control. You must have great self-discipline and a motivated attitude in order to succeed. You have to want to be here and make the best of your experience. This one being your first year in college, you may have trouble concentrating while you study. Some techniques that can help your concentration are being selective, relaxing, and over learning. Being selective means to make choices about what is most important to learn. When you are studying, you should be able to know what may or may not be on the test, your notes for the week can be helpful. In addition, pay attention to charts, tables, and illustrations that you think may appear on the test. Relaxing is a good technique to use because when you are relaxed you are able to absorb more information. One way to relax is to use a breathing technique (i nhale, count from one to ten, and exhale, and count from one to ten, and so on). Over learning can help you fight mental vagueness. When you are struggling in a class, it is best for you to learn more than you need to know about the subject. You can use these techniques every time you are studying or when you cannot concentrate.

Now Is The Time To Be Computer Literate Essay -- essays research paper

Now Is The Time To Be Computer literateNow is the time to wrench information processing system literate. Now is the time to become beaten(prenominal) and well-fixed with the computer because in the future we leave becomevirtually a paperless society and many daily activities go forth be conjugate to thecomputer. get by delivery to the home and business will be almost entirely phasedout and e-mail will replace it. Bills will come via the computer and pay thesame way. Pay checks will be electronically deposited to your bank account. Onspecial occasions such as birthdays, greeting rallys will be sent from yourcomputer to your loved ones computer. Shopping malls will become cyber malls and we will do our shopping viathe computer. You will be able to view on your oversee how you would look in acertain outfit you are considering to buy. Imagine traveling over the entiremall in a comfortable in front of your computer. Push a button and the entirestock of a store will be at your fi nger tips. When you do go to a store to shopyou will not use money. You will use either a credit card or debit card whichwill automatically deduct the amount if you purchase from your bank account. Our homes will be run by computers. Computers will adjust thetemperature. Home appliances will be associate to the computer. Imagine drivinghome from work and calling your computer and having it start dinner for you.Have it adjust the temperat... Now Is The Time To Be Computer Literate Essay -- essays research paper Now Is The Time To Be Computer LiterateNow is the time to become computer literate. Now is the time to becomefamiliar and comfortable with the computer because in the future we will becomevirtually a paperless society and many daily activities will be linked to thecomputer.Mail delivery to the home and business will be almost entirely phasedout and e-mail will replace it. Bills will come via the computer and paid thesame way. Pay checks will be electronically deposited to your bank account. Onspecial occasions such as birthdays, greeting cards will be sent from yourcomputer to your loved ones computer. Shopping malls will become cyber malls and we will do our shopping viathe computer. You will be able to view on your monitor how you would look in acertain outfit you are considering to buy. Imagine traveling over the entiremall in a comfortable in front of your computer. Push a button and the entirestock of a store will be at your finger tips. When you do go to a store to shopyou will not use money. You will use either a credit card or debit card whichwill automatically deduct the amount if you purchase from your bank account. Our homes will be run by computers. Computers will adjust thetemperature. Home appliances will be linked to the computer. Imagine drivinghome from work and calling your computer and having it start dinner for you.Have it adjust the temperat...

Liberty Bell Essays -- essays research papers

Among the more obscure events in American history involves the Liberty Bells travels by running car around the United States to be placed on exhibit at numerous Worlds Fairs. From 1885 to 1915, the Liberty Bell traveled by rail on seven separate trips to eight different Worlds Fair exhibitions visiting nearly 400 cities and towns on those trips coast to coast.     At the time, the Liberty Bells trips were widely publicise so that each town where the Liberty Bell train stopped was well prepared for their venerable guest. Each stop on the way to the server Worlds Fair exhibition lasted anywhere from a few minutes to a couple of hours. The Liberty Bell was nearly always met with military salutes, parades, patriotic symphony and throngs of cheering men, women and children.     In 1873, Philadelphian Henry Seybert donated to the City of Philadelphia a new bell and a large clock for tower of Independence Hall. Seybert commissioned the Meneely an d Kimberly Bell metalworks to cast the bell and have it installed in the steeple by July 4, 1876 in time to usher in the Centennial anniversary celebration.The bell was cast exploitation a mixture of 80% copper and 20% tin with the addition of one hundred pounds each of four stems - a British and American cannon from the battle of Saratoga and a Union and Confederate cannon from the battle of Gettysburg.     The bell weighs 13,000 pounds representing 1,000 pounds for each of the 13 original states and bears the following inscriptions     Around the crown " gloriole to God in the highest and on earth peace, good will      toward men - Luke, chapter II, verse 14."     Around the lip " Proclaim liberty throughout all the put down unto all the inhabitants      thereof - Leviticus, chapter XXV, verse 10."     Upon one position of the of the bell is c ast - "Presented to the city of Philadelphia, July      4, 1876, for the belfry of Independence Hall, by a citizen."      On the opposite side is the date "1776" and the coat of arms of the United States      set in a shield containing 13 stars.I... .... Unfortunately, the fair was not a tremendous success ascribable to low attendance - only 10 million of the expected 50 million visitors attended. Attributing to low attendance was the rain that was present on more than fractional the days the fair was open.      While the Liberty Bell remained in its home in Independence Hall not far from the fairgrounds its image was used repeatedly as a symbol of the translation. The Liberty Bell had long since come to represent liberty and freedom for the United States and using its image on Exposition souvenirs was ideal in light of the fairs theme - our nations 150th birthday.           In 1950, the United States Department of the Treasury assisted by several private companies selected a foundry in Annecy-le-Vieux, France to cast 55 full-sized replicas of the Liberty Bell. The bells were shipped as gifts to states and territories of the United States and the District of Columbia to be displayed and rung on patriotic occasions. This was part of a savings bond drive held from May 15 to July 4, 1950 with the slogan "Save for Your Independence."

Liberty Bell Essays -- essays research papers

Among the more obscure events in American history involves the casualness Bells travels by rail car around the get together States to be placed on exhibit at numerous Worlds Fairs. From 1885 to 1915, the independence Bell traveled by rail on seven separate trips to eighter from Decatur different Worlds Fair exhibitions visiting nearly 400 cities and towns on those trips coast to coast.     At the time, the autonomy Bells trips were widely publicized so that each town where the self-sufficiency Bell train stopped was well prepared for their venerable guest. Each stop on the way to the host Worlds Fair exhibition lasted anywhere from a few minutes to a couple of hours. The Liberty Bell was nearly always met with military salutes, parades, patriotic music and throngs of cheering men, women and children.     In 1873, Philadelphian Henry Seybert donated to the city of Philadelphia a new bell and a large clock for tower of Independence Hall. S eybert commissi mavind the Meneely and Kimberly Bell Foundry to cast the bell and have it installed in the steeple by July 4, 1876 in time to usher in the Centennial anniversary celebration.The bell was cast using a mixture of 80% grunter and 20% tin with the addition of one hundred pounds each of four cannons - a British and American cannon from the battle of Saratoga and a amount and Confederate cannon from the battle of Gettysburg.     The bell weighs 13,000 pounds representing 1,000 pounds for each of the 13 original states and bears the following inscriptions     Around the crown "Glory to God in the highest and on realm peace, good will      toward men - Luke, chapter II, verse 14."     Around the lip " Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants      thereof - Leviticus, chapter XXV, verse 10."     Upon one side of th e of the bell is cast - "Presented to the city of Philadelphia, July      4, 1876, for the belfry of Independence Hall, by a citizen."      On the opposite side is the date "1776" and the coat of arms of the join States      set in a shield containing 13 stars.I... .... Unfortunately, the fair was not a tremendous success due to low attendance - only 10 million of the expected 50 million visitors attended. Attributing to low attendance was the rain that was present on more than half the days the fair was open.      While the Liberty Bell remained in its home in Independence Hall not far from the fairgrounds its image was used repeatedly as a symbol of the Exposition. The Liberty Bell had long since come to represent liberty and freedom for the United States and using its image on Exposition souvenirs was ideal in light of the fairs mind - our nations 150th birthday.           In 1950, the United States Department of the Treasury assisted by several private companies selected a foundry in Annecy-le-Vieux, France to cast 55 full-sized replicas of the Liberty Bell. The bells were shipped as gifts to states and territories of the United States and the District of Columbia to be displayed and rung on patriotic occasions. This was part of a savings bond drive held from May 15 to July 4, 1950 with the slogan "Save for Your Independence."

Automobile Scenario of India Essay

The self-propelled assiduity in India is genius of the largest in the world and oneness of the fastest exploitation globally. India manufactures everyplace 17. 5 one thousand thousand fomites (including 2 wheeled and 4 wheeled) and exports about 2. 33 gazillion every year. It is the worlds second largest manufacturer of bikes, with annual gross sales exceeding 8. 5 trillion in 2009. Indias passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industriousness is the seventh largest in the world, with an annual deed of more than 3. 7 cardinal building blocks in 2010.According to recent reports, India is set to overtake Brazil to drop dead the sixth largest passenger vehicle producer in the world, growing 16-18 per cent to tell on around three million units in the course of 2011-12 In 2009, India emerged as Asias fourth largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. As of 2010, India is home to 40 million passenger vehicles and more than 3. 7 million self-propelling vehicles were produced in India in 2010 (an increase of 33. 9%), making the country the second fastest growing machine grocery in the world.According to the Society of Indian travel Manufacturers, annual car sales be projected to increase up to 5 million vehicles by 2015 and more than 9 million by 2020. By 2050, the country is expected to top the world in car volumes with approximately 611 million vehicles on the nations roads. The dominant products of the attention be both wheelers with a market shargon of over 75% and passenger cars with a market share of about 16%. Commercial vehicles and three wheelers share about 9% of the market between them.About 91% of the vehicles sold are employ by households and only about 9% for commercial purposes. The exertion has attained a dollar volume of more than USD 35 billion and provides direct and indirect job to over 13 million people. The supply chain of this perseverance in India is very similar to the s upply chain of the automotive diligence in europium and America. This may present its own set of opportunities and threats. The orders of the industry a bristle from the bottom of the supply chain i. e. , from the consumers and go through the automakers and climbs up until the third gradation suppliers. unless the products, as channeled in every traditional automotive industry, flow from the top of the supply chain to reach the consumers. Interestingly, the level of trade exports in this sector in India has been medium and imports have been low. However, this is quickly changing and both exports and imports are increasing. The demand determinants of the industry are factors like affordability, product innovation, infrastructure and price of fuel. Also, the basis of aspiration in the sector is gamy and increasing, and its life cycle stage is growth.With a rapidly growing middle class, all the advantages of this sector in India are and to be leveraged. Note that, with a high c ost of developing production facilities, limited accessibility to new technology and soaring competition, the barriers to enter the Indian self-propelling sector are high. On the other hand, India has a well-developed tax structure. The power to levy taxes and duties is distributed among the three tiers of Government. The cost structure of the industry is fairly traditional, but the positivity of motor vehicle manufacturers has been rising over the past five years.Major players, like Tata Motors and Maruti Suzuki have material cost of about 80% but are recording profits afterwards tax of about 6% to 11%. The level of technology change in the Motor vehicle Industry has been high but, the rate of change in technology has been medium. Investment in the technology by the producers has been high. System-suppliers of integrated components and sub-systems have catch the order of the day. However, further investment in new technologies will help the industry be more competitive. Over the past few years, the industry has been volatile.Currently, Indias increasing per capita disposable income which is expected to rise by 106% by 2015 and growth in exports is playing a major federal agency in the rise and fight of the industry. Tata Motors is leading the commercial vehicle part with a market share of about 64%. Maruti Suzuki is leading the passenger vehicle segment with a market share of 46%. 18 Hyundai Motor India and Mahindra and Mahindra are center oning expanding their footprint in the overseas market. Hero Honda Motors is occupying over 41% and sharing 26%18 of the two wheeler market in India with Bajaj Auto.Bajaj Auto in itself is occupying about 58% of the three wheeler market. Consumers are very important of the survival of the Motor Vehicle manufacturing industry. In 2008-09, customer sentiment dropped, which burned on the augmentation in demand of cars. Steel is the major input used by manufacturers and the rise in price of steel is putting a cost blac kjack on manufacturers and cost is getting transferred to the end consumer. The price of oil and petrol affect the driving habits of consumers and the type of car they buy.The break to success in the industry is to improve labour productivity, labour flexibility, and capital efficiency. Having role manpower, infrastructure improvements, and raw material availability also play a major role. Access to current and most efficient technology and techniques will bring competitive advantage to the major players. Utilising manufacturing plants to optimum level and under(a)standing implications from the government policies are the essentials in the self-propelling Industry of India. Both, Industry and Indian Government are obligated to substitute the Indian Automotive industry.The Indian government should facilitate infrastructure creation, create favourable and predictable passeliness environment, attract investment and promote research and development. The role of Industry will prim arily be in aiming and manufacturing products of world-class quality establishing cost competitiveness and improving productivity in labour and in capital. With a combined effort, the Indian Automotive industry will emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacturing of elevator cars. History The first car ran on Indias roads in 1897.Until the 1930s, cars were imported directly, but in very small numbers. Embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Mahindra & Mahindra was established by two brothers as a trading club in 1945, and began fictionalization of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles under license from Willys The Company soon branched out into the manufacture of light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and agricultural tractors. following(a) the independence, in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry.However, the growth w as relatively slow in the 1950s and mid-sixties due to nationalisation and the license raj which hampered the Indian private sector. After 1970, the automotive industry started to grow, but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles and scooters. autos were remedy a major luxury. Japanese manufacturers entered the Indian market ultimately leading to the establishment of Maruti Udyog. A number of foreign firms initiated joint ventures with Indian companies. In the 1980s, a number of Japanese manufacturers launched joint-ventures for building motorcycles and light commercial-vehicles.It was at this time that the Indian government chose Suzuki for its joint-venture to manufacture small cars. Following the economic liberalisation in 1991 and the piecemeal weakening of the license raj, a number of Indian and multi-national car companies launched operations. Since then, automotive component and automobile manufacturing growth has accelerated to meet domestic and expo rt demands. 21 Following economic liberalization in India in 1991, the Indian automotive industry has demonstrated sustained growth as a result of increased competitiveness and relaxed restrictions.Several Indian automobile manufacturers such as Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and Mahindra, expanded their domestic and international operations. Indias robust economic growth led to the further working out of its domestic automobile market which has attracted significant India- peculiar(prenominal) investment by multinational automobile manufacturers. 22 In February 2009, monthly sales of passenger cars in India exceeded 100,000 units23 and has since grown rapidly to a record monthly high of 182,992 units in October 2009.24 Objectives of study Since the Auto Component industry is growing substantially, it is very important to know and identify how the industry is growing and creating its own place in the industrial sector helping the economy to grow. So the objectives of the s tudy are 1. To understand and analyse the current model of Indian Automobile Industry. 2. To Analyse the trends in the automobile industry in India. 3. To study the growth potential and challenges faced by automobile industry in India. commercialize and its Growth.The automotive industry of India is categorized into passenger cars, two wheelers, commercial vehicles and three wheelers, with two wheelers dominating the market. More than 75% of the vehicles sold are two wheelers. Nearly 59% of these two wheelers sold were motorcycles and about 12% were scooters. Mopeds occupy a small portion in the two wheeler market stock-still electric two wheelers are yet to penetrate. The passenger vehicles are further categorized into passenger cars, utility vehicles and multi-purpose vehicles. all(prenominal) sedan, hatchback, station wagon and sports cars fall under passenger cars.Tata Nano, is the worlds cheapest passenger car, manufactured by Tata Motors a leading automaker of India. Mul ti-purpose vehicles or people-carriers are similar in shape to a van and are taller than a sedan, hatchback or a station wagon, and are designed for maximum interior room. Utility vehicles are designed for specific tasks. The passenger vehicles manufacturing account for about 15% of the market in India. Commercial vehicles are categorized into obtuse, medium and light. They account for about 5% of the market.Three wheelers are categorized into passenger carriers and goods carriers. Three wheelers account for about 4% of the market in India. Domestic Market helping for 2010-11(%) passenger Vehicles 16. 25 Commercial Vehicles 4. 36 Three Wheelers 3. 39 Two Wheelers 76. 00 Source Society of Indian Automotive Manufacturing (SIAM) GROSS TURNOVER OF THE AUTOMOBILEINDUSTRY IN INDIA Year (IN USD MILLION) 2004-05 20,896 2005-06 27,011 2006-07 34,285 2007-08 36,612 2008-09 38,238 The production of automobiles has greatly increased in the last decade. Automobile Production.Automobile Produc tion Trends (Number of Vehicles) Category 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Passenger Vehicles 1,209,876 1,309,300 1,545,223 1,777,583 1,838,593 2,357,411 2,987,296 Commercial Vehicles 353,703 391,083 519,982 549,006 416,870 567,556 752,735 Three Wheelers 374,445 434,423 556,126 viosterol,660 497,020 619,194 799,553 Two Wheelers 6,529,829 7,608,697 8,466,666 8,026,681 8,419,792 10,512,903 13,376,451 howling(a) Total 8,467,853 9,743,503 11,087,997 10,853,930 11,172,275 14,057,064 17,916,035 Automobile gross revenue.Automobile Domestic sales Trends(Number of Vehicles) Category 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Passenger Vehicles 1,061,572 1,143,076 1,379,979 1,549,882 1,552,703 1,951,333 2,520,421 Commercial Vehicles 318,430 351,041 467,765 490,494 384,194 532,721 676,408 Three Wheelers 307,862 359,920 403,910 364,781 349,727 440,392 526,022 Two Wheelers 6,209,765 7,052,391 7,872,334 7,249,278 7,437,619 9,370,951 11,790,3 05 Grand Total 7,897,629 8,906,428 10,123,988 9,654,435 9,724,243 12,295,397 15,513,156 .Automobile Exports Automobile Exports Trends(Number of Vehicles) Category 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Passenger Vehicles 166,402 175,572 198,452 218,401 335,729 446,145 453,479 Commercial Vehicles 29,940 40,600 49,537 58,994 42,625 45,009 76,297 Three Wheelers 66,795 76,881 143,896 141,225 148,066 173,214 269,967 Two Wheelers 366,407 513,169 619,644 819,713 1,004,174 1,140,058 1,539,590 Grand Total 629,544 806,222 1,011,529 1,238,333 1,530,594 1,804,426 2,339,333 Supply Chain of Automobile Industry.The supply chain of automotive industry in India is very similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America. The orders of the industry arise from the bottom of the supply chain i. e. , from the consumers and go through the automakers and climbs up until the third tier suppliers. However the products, as channelled in every traditional automotive industry, flow from the top of the supply chain to reach the consumers. Automakers in India are the key to the supply chain and are obligated for the products and innovation in the industry.The description and the role of each of the contributors to the supply chain are discussed below. Third Tier Suppliers These companies provide basic products like rubber, glass, steel, plastic and aluminum to the second tier suppliers. Second Tier Suppliers These companies design vehicle systems or bodies for First Tier Suppliers and OEMs( Original Equipment Manufacturers). They work on designs provided by the first tier suppliers or OEMs. They also provide engineering resources for situationed designs. around of their services may include welding, fabrication, shearing, bending etc. First Tier Suppliers These companies provide major systems directly to assemblers. These companies have global coverage, in order to follow their customers to various locations around the world. They des ign and innovate in order to provide black-box solutions for the requirements of their customers. Black-box solutions are solutions created by suppliers using their own technology to meet the performance and interface requirements set by assemblers.First tier suppliers are responsible not only for the assembly of parts into expel units like dashboard, breaks-axel-suspension, seats, or cockpit but also for the management of second-tier suppliers. Automakers/Vehicle Manufacturers/Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) After researching consumers wants and needs, automakers begin designing models which are tailored to consumers demands. The design process normally takes five years. These companies have manufacturing units where engines are manufactured and parts supplied by first tier suppliers and second tier suppliers are assembled.Automakers are the key to the supply chain of the automotive industry. Examples of these companies are Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Toyota, and Honda. p lan, design capability and branding are the main focus of these companies. Dealers Once the vehicles are ready they are shipped to the regional branch and from there, to the authorised dealers of the companies. The dealers then sell the vehicles to the end customers. Parts and Accessory These companies provide products like tires, windshields, and air bags etc. to automakers and dealers or directly to customers.Service Providers Some of the services to the customers include servicing of vehicles, repairing parts, or financing of vehicles. Many dealers provide these services but, customers can also choose to go to independent service providers. Indian automotive companies Chinkara Motors Beachster, Hammer, Roadster 1. 8S, Rockster, Jeepster, Sailster Hindustan Motors Ambassador ICML Rhino Rx Mahindra Major, Xylo, Scorpio, Bolero, Thar, Verito, Genio Premier Automobiles Limited Sigma, RiO San Motors Storm Tata Motors Nano, Indica, Indica Vista, Indigo, Indigo Manza, Indigo CS, Sumo, V enture, Safari, Xenon, Aria.Foreign automotive companies in India Vehicles manufactured or assembled in India BMW India 3 Series, 5 Series, X1. Fiat India (in collaboration with Tata Motors) Grande Punto, Linea. Ford India Figo, Ikon, Fiesta, Endeavour. General Motors India Chevrolet Spark, Beat, Aveo U-VA, Aveo, Optra, Cruze, Tavera. Honda Siel Jazz, City, Civic, Accord. Hyundai Motor IndiaSantro, i10, i20, Accent, Verna Transform, Sonata Transform. Land RoverFreelander 2 Maruti Suzuki 800, Alto, WagonR, Estilo, A-star, Ritz, Swift, Swift DZire, SX4, Omni, Versa, Eeco, Gypsy. Mercedes-Benz India C-Class, E-Class.Mitsubishi80 (in collaboration with Hindustan Motors) Lancer, Lancer Cedia, Pajero Nissan Motor India Micra. Renault IndiaFluence Toyota Kirloskar Etios, Corolla, Innova. Volkswagen Group Sales India Audi India A4, A6, Q5. Skoda Auto India Fabia, Laura, Superb, Yeti. Volkswagen India Polo, Vento, Jetta, Passat. Opel was present in India until 2006. As of 2011, Opel only pro vides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners. Vehicles brought into India as CBUs Aston Martin Vantage, Rapide, Virage, DB9, DBS, One-77. Audi A7, A8, S4, S6, S8, Q7, TT, R8, RS5.Bentley Arnage, Azure, Brooklands, Continental GT, Continental loyal Spur, Mulsanne. BMW 5 Series GT, 6 Series, 7 Series, X3, X5, X6, X6 M, M3, M5, M6 and Z4. Bugatti Veyron. Chevrolet Captiva. Ferrari California, 458 Italia, 599 GTB Fiorano, FF. Fiat 500, Bravo. General Motors Hummer H2, Hummer H3. Honda Civic Hybrid, CR-V. Hyundai Santa Fe. Jaguar XF, XJ, XK. Koenigsegg CCX, CCXR, Agera. Lamborghini Gallardo, Murcielago. Land Rover Discovery 4, be adrift Rover, Range Rover Sport. Maserat Quattroporte, GranTurismo, GranCabrio. Maybach 57 and 62.Mercedes-Benz CL-Class, GL-Class, M-Class, R-Class, CLS-Class, S-Class, SL-Class, SLK-Class, Viano, G-Class, SLS. Mitsubishi Montero, Outlander, Evo X. Nissan Teana, X-Trail, 370Z, GT-R. Porsche 997, Boxster, Panamera, Cayman, Cayenne, C arrera GT. Rolls Royce Ghost, Phantom, Phantom Coupe, Phantom Drophead Coupe. Skoda Yeti, Superb. Suzuki Grand Vitara, Kizashi. Toyota Prius, Camry, Fortuner*, Land Cruiser, Land Cruiser Prado. Volkswagen Beetle, Tiguan, Touareg, Phaeton. Volvo S60, S80, XC60, XC90. *Toyota Fortuner is imported as a CKD kit from Toyota Motor Thailand Commercial vehicle manufacturers in IndiaIndian brands Force Hindustan Motors Premier Tata AMW Eicher Motors Joint Venture Brands VE Commercial Vehicles Limited VE Commercial Vehicles limited A JV between Volvo Groups & Eicher Motors Limited. Ashok Leyland- in the beginning a JV between Ashok Motors and Leyland Motors, now 51% owned by Hinduja Group Mahindra Navistar a 5149 JV between Mahindra Group and Navistar International Swaraj Mazda originally a JV between Punjab Tractors and Mazda, now 53. 5% owned by Sumitomo Group Kamaz Vectra A JV between Russias KaMAZ and the Vectra Group Foreign brands Volvo Tatra. serviceman as a JV with Force Motors , makes MAN Trucks in India Mercedes-Benz sells luxury buses in India Daimler AG manufactures BharatBenz, a brand of trucks based on the Fuso and the Mercedes Benz truck platforms, which Daimler AG owns Scania Iveco Hino Isuzu Piaggio Caterpillar Inc. Electric car manufacturers in India Ajanta Group Mahindra Hero Electric REVA Tara International Tata Opel was present in India until 2006. As of 2011, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners.. *Toyota Fortuner is imported as a CKD kit from Toyota Motor Thailand.Market Characteristics Market Size The Indian Automotive Industry after de-licensing in July 1991 has grown at a spectacular rate on an average of 17% for last few years. The industry has attained a turnover of USD 35. 8 billion, (INR 165,000 crores) and an investment of USD 10. 9 billion. The industry has provided direct and indirect employment to 13. 1 million people. Automobile industry is currently contributing about 5% of the to tal GDP of India. Indias current GDP is about USD 650 billion and is expected to grow to USD 1,390 billion by 2016.The projected size in 2016 of the Indian automotive industry varies between USD 122 billion and UDS 159 billion including USD 35 billion in exports. This translates into a contribution of 10% to 11% towards Indias GDP by 2016, which is more than double the current contribution. Demand Determinants Determinants of demand for this industry include vehicle prices (which are determined largely by wage, material and equipment costs) and exchange rates, preferences, the racetrack cost of a vehicle (mainly determined by the price of petrol), income, interest rates, scrapping rates, and product innovation.Exchange Rate Movement in the value of Rupee determines the attractiveness of Indian products overseas and the price of import for domestic consumption. Affordability Movement in income and interest rates determine the affordability of new motor vehicles. Allowing unrestrict ed Foreign orient Investment (FDI) led to increase in competition in the domestic market hence, making better vehicles available at affordable prices. Product Innovation is an important determinant as it allows better models to be available each year and also encourages manufacturing of environmental friendly cars.Demographics It is evident that high population of India has been one of the major reasons for large size of automobile industry in India. Factors that may be augment demand include rising population and an increasing equipoise of young persons in the population that will be more inclined to use and replace cars. Also, increase in people with lesser dependency on traditional single family income structure is likely to add value to vehicle demand. Infrastructure Longer-term determinants of demand include development in Indians infrastructure.Indias banking giant State Bank of India and Australias Macquarie Group has launched an infrastructure fund to rise up to USD 3 bill ion for infrastructure improvements. India needs about $500 billion to repair its infrastructure such as ports, roads, and power units. These investments are been made with an aim to generate long-term cash flow from automobile, power, and telecom industries. price of Petrol Movement in oil prices also have an impact on demand for large cars in India.During periods of high fuel cost as experienced in 2007 and first half of 2008, demand for large cars declined in favour of little, more fuel efficient vehicles. The changing patterns in customer preferences for smaller more fuel efficient vehicles led to the launch of Tata Motors Nano one of worlds smallest and cheapest cars. Key Competitors Tata MotorsMarket Share Commercial Vehicles 63. 94%, Passenger Vehicles 16. 45%. Tata Motors Limited is Indias largest automobile company, with consolidated revenues of USD 14 billion in 2008-09. It is the leader in commercial vehicles and among the top three in passenger vehicles.Tata Motors ha s winning products in the compact, midsize car and utility vehicle segments. The company is the worlds fourth largest truck manufacturer, and the worlds second largest bus manufacturer with over 24,000 employees. Since first rolled out in 1954, Tata Motors as has produced and sold over 4 million vehicles in India. Maruti Suzuki India Market Share Passenger Vehicles 46. 07% Maruti Suzuki India Limited, a subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan, is Indias largest passenger car company, accounting for over 45% of the domestic car market.The company offers a complete range of cars from entry level Maruti-800 and Alto, to stylish hatchback Ritz, A star, Swift, Wagon-R, Estillo and sedans DZire, SX4 and Sports Utility vehicle Grand Vitara. Since inception in 1983, Maruti Suzuki India has produced and sold over 10 million vehicles in India and exported over 500,000 units to Europe and other countries. The companys revenue for the fiscal 2010-2011 stood over Rs 375,224 million and Profits After Tax at over Rs. 22,886 million. Hyundai Motor IndiaMarket Share Passenger Vehicles 14.15% Hyundai Motor India Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of worlds fifth largest automobile company, Hyundai Motor Company, South Korea, and is the largest passenger car exporter. Hyundai Motor presently markets 49 variants of passenger cars across segments. These includes the Santro in the B segment, the i10, the premium hatchback i20 in the B+ segment, the Accent and the Verna in the C segment, the Sonata Transform in the E segment. Mahindra & Mahindra Market Share Commercial Vehicles 10. 01%, Passenger Vehicles 6. 50%, Three Wheelers 1.31% Mahindra & Mahindra is mainly meshed in the Multi Utility Vehicle and Three Wheeler segments directly. The company competes in the Light Commercial Vehicle segment through its joint venture subsidiary Mahindra Navistar Automotives Limited and in the passenger car segment through another joint venture subsidiary Mahindra Renault. In the year 2009, on the domestic sales front, the Company along with its subsidiaries sold a total of 220,213 vehicles (including 44,533 three wheelers, 8,603 Light Commercial Vehicles through Mahindra Navistar Automotives and 13,423 cars through Mahindra Renault), recording a growth of 0.6% over the previous year. Mahindra & Mahindra is expanding its footprint in the overseas market. In 2009 the Xylo was launched in South Africa. The company formed a new joint venture Mahindra Automotive Australia Pty. Limited, to focus on the Australian Market. Ashok Leyland Market Share Commercial Vehicles 16. 47% Against the backdrop of the sharp slump in demand for commercial vehicles, during 2008-09, Ashok Leyland registered sales of 47,118 medium and heavy commercial vehicles (M&HCV), 37. 5% less than in the previous year.This includes 16,049 M&HCV buses and 31,069 M&HCV trucks respectively, 8. 7% and 46. 3% less than in the previous year. Hero Honda Motors Market Share Two Wheelers 41. 35% Hero Honda has been the largest two wheeler company in the world for eight consecutive years. The company crossed the 15 million unit milestone over a 25 year span. Hero Honda sold more two wheelers than the second, third and fourth placed two-wheeler companies put together. Bajaj Auto Market Share Two Wheelers 26. 70%, Three Wheelers 58.60% Bajaj Auto is ranked as the worlds fourth largest two and three wheeler manufacturer and the Bajaj brand is well-known across several countries in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, South and South East Asia. Despite falling demand in the motorcycle segment, the company has succeeded in maintaining an operating EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation) margin of 13. 6% of net sales and other operating income. From 1. 66 million motorcycles in 2007-2008, the companys domestic sales fell by 23% to 1.28 million units in 2008-2009. Key Success Factors The key to success in the industry is to improve labour productivity, labour fl exibility, and capital efficiency. Having quality manpower, infrastructure improvements, and raw material availability also play a major role. Access to modish and most efficient technology and techniques will bring competitive advantage to the major players. Utilising manufacturing plants to optimum level and understanding implications from the government policies are the essentials in the Automotive Industry of India.Effective cost controls Close relationship with supplies and goods dispersal channels. Establishment of export markets Growth of export markets Having an extensive distribution/collection network Goods distribution channels Successful industrial relations policy Ethical and tactical industrial relations Both, Industry and Indian Government are obligated to intervene the Indian Automotive industry. The Indian government should facilitate infrastructure creation, create favourable and predictable business environment, attract investment and promote research and de velopment.The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality establishing cost competitiveness and improving productivity in labour and in capital. With a combined effort, the Indian Automotive industry will emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacturing of automobiles. Growth likely 1. Increasing demand for vehicles Increase of disposal income ,easily availability of finance,invreasing consumer awareness and close linkage with global automobile trends.2. Stable economic policies adopted by ordered Governments The Government of India has continuously made several reforms for the groeth of automobile sector in India. It has lowered the excise duties and have relaxed many policies to boost the local demand . Implemeentation of VAThas helped India to position itself as one of the leading low cost manufacturing sources . 3. Availability of low cost skilled manpower The cost of quality manpower in India i s one of the lowest in the world .Each year the huge number of engineering graduates are produced who provide their skill at comprising salaries . 4. Quality standards Manufactured in India or Made in India brand is rapidly getting associated with quality. The Indian manufacturer have focussed on quality and most of the leading automobile manufacturer are ISO certified Key Challenges Faced by Indian Automobile Industry Indian auto industry is one of the most lustrous and growing auto industries across the world. But at this juncture the Indian auto industry is facing various challenges catering to the growing domestic market.Recently, SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers) organized an Annual Convention in association with the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises to discuss the current scenario of the auto industry as well as to define the key challenges faced by the industry. The meeting focused to pave a way to transform challenges into business opportun ities and boost the status of automotive industry in India. Some of the key challenges discussed faced by auto industry are fuel technology and nurturing natural endowmented manpower.These challenges are explained below in detail Fuel Technology Technology is significant and needed to ignite the growth of auto industry. Whether its a two-wheeler or a car, technology drives the growth. The challenge of ersatz fuel technology ensures a brighter vision of the auto industry in the country. The increasing environmental pollution has become a concern for manufacturers and all associated with the industry. All of them are struggling hard to come up with a holistic and integrated approach to reduce carbon dioxide emission.Some of the initiatives to reduce the level of automotive emission include introduction of fuel-efficient cars, obligatory periodic maintenance, and inspection of automotives, designing automotives with recyclable materials, use of alternative fuels like CNG, LPG, biodie sel, and introduction of electric and hybrid cars. Car manufacturer like Maruti Suzuki has already introduced the new concept of using recyclable substance for car production in its dazzling car Maruti Suzuki A-Star. After the production of Maruti Suzuki A-Star, the company thrives to apply the same concept in all its future car models.In addition, it is believed that the Bharat IV Emission Norms are stringent and are to become mandatory in the next couple of years. The growing industry is hunting for more advanced ways and measures to meet the stringent norms. Some of the cars and other automotives may even be phased out during that period. Nurturing Talented Manpower Manpower and human resources has always been a key growth driver in any industry including the automobile industry. Though India has a vast pool of talented and skilled professionals, the country needs initiatives and support to treasure these resources to excel in all arenas of the industries.Automobile industry is n o exception and highly skilled manpower will further become the most reliable source of competitive advantage across the global as well as Indian automobile industry. More than even before creativity, innovative ideas, and expertise in different areas have become an asset these days. Talking about cars, car designers infuse their creativity in their designed car models and thats something which attracts car customers Further to that, the industry has to foster the talent for servicing and maintenance as well.

Position paper Essay

For my own opinion, Why is it important economics in my life, Economics is astir(predicate) freedom as well in our economy, youre free to do what you motive economically speaking because the market itself will decide what to produce and how to produce. In order to do what you want lets say, to buy what you want at the quantity you want you hold up to have the money. So another factor of economics that affects your everyday life is the distribution of the total income. Example allows say your income. Your income is not outright. With that limited income, you want to buy a lot of things. You have to choose what product to buy, at which price and how much quantity. at once lets say that you have 200pesos last in your pocket. With that money you can either buy a ticket for a movie or buy food and drinks and watch the TV-show. What you do is what gives you more pleasure or as we say what maximize your utility. You make an economic choice.Economics prefatorialally the reckon of scar city of imaginations and their allocation in society Everyday life is a never ending competition for scarce resources. For example for me I shoot to piss money a scarce resource for which you provide labor another scarce resource so you can afford to purchase all the things you need in order to live gas, car, home, food, clothing, all scarce resources at the lowest price you can find. Also economics is about your income itself. The level of your income depends on the general status of the economy. In my own example, if we have a recession, then the income for most of us will be less. If we have growth then the income will rise. If we have growth then I would have a job. If we have recession, then I might be unemployed.As you can see economics affects almost everything. And also it is important for me to embark the study of economics due to its strong relation in our daily lives. Economics help students to understand more about the modern world in making the decision for the futu re. It also helps us to understand the problems caused by the limited resources and helps students, as consumers to make rational choices when making decisions. anyhow that, students are able to understand the function and role of banks and financial institutions, more over able to understand the information related to the economics. One of the most basic concepts in our daily life is wants/needs. Basically every human has different needs and wants. It is impossible to please every need and wants due to the limited resource or known as scarce. Scarcity is as well another basic concept of economics known as the limited resource of unlimited wants due to the incapability to provide ones need they desired for.University Of MindanaoRoxas Extension, Digos CityPosition PaperEco 1Submitted By Ken Joy B. PugoySubmitted To Adrian Raphael C. AballeOctober 16, 2013

Applications of cryptography

Looking for the best websites in cryptology is a daunting, if not an impossible task. This is because, as I started searching the Web for interesting sites on cryptology, I found that there argon just so many. The task is do even more difficult by the fact that cryptology is such a broad subject which encompasses several sub-subjects. Nevertheless, I have to choose ternion sites. Basically, I just set two criteria for choosing a site it has to be interesting and it has to be slowly understandable even when the cloy is technical.Being a archives enthusiast, my search for fascinating contents led me to a website that features cryptology in the 16th and 17th centuries. It can be accessed via the link http//home. att. net/tleary/cryptolo. htm and is written by Thomas (Penn) Leary. One of the reasons I was drawn to this site is the existence of an author for the site. With internet access and blogging accessible to almost everyone, I tend to get funny of websites whose authors are u nknown for I feel that this lessens the reliability of the site and its contents, unless the site belongs to a company or organization whose reliability cannot be questioned.The content starts with a philosophical statement by Blaise de Vigenere, something which I found quite endearing. Being primarily a non-technical site, it avoids the use of cryptographic jargon and instead uses words easily understandable by almost any reader. Examples of the former(a) kinds of cryptology such as the Elizabethan cryptology (uses numbers to en secret writing letters) were discussed in the site. Several paragraphs in the site are attributed to Johannes Trithemius, a German monk who is in like manner considered the first theoretician in cryptography.Most of his schemes also include steganography, a close cousin to cryptography, which involves hiding the existence of the message itself. Aside from that, Trithemius contributed much to the existence of polyalphabeticity. His tableau, which he called his tabula recta, uses the normal alphabet in various positions as the cipher alphabets. Giovanni Battista della Porta, another famous early cryptographer received a highlight in the site. Likewise, the use of acrostic, a cipher which involves victimisation the first letters of a poem in bon ton to form a word, was also given emphasis.Poets in the Italian Renaissance and during the Elizabethan period were reported to be quite fond in using acrostic. Although quite non-technical, this website appealed to me because I can look back and trace the early days of cryptology when there were no computers and other modern crypto graphing equipment. It is fascinating to strain that the state-of-the-art cryptography utilise nowadays evolved from relatively simple ciphers such as Trithemius tableau and acrostic. In terms of learning presentation, the website did quite well and the study was arranged in a clear and systematic manner.Furthermore, the author cited several works which I find commendable as most of the websites today pose information from other sites, books and journals without acknowledging these sources. As for the technical side, I found David Wagners (1999) discussion of the Boomerang Attack quite interesting. His paper can be accessed by this link lasecwww. epfl. ch/intranet/proceedings-iacr-98-03/papers/1636/16360156. pdf, although I believe it originally came from www. cs. berkeley. edu/daw/papers/boomerang-fse99. ps. As you might have noticed Im quite a stickler for the reliability of website contents.Apart from the topic being quite interesting, I chose this website because it came from an academic institution, which I believe screens articles and papers before posting it in their website. Even for non-technical readers, Wagners (1999) launching to the concept of a boomerang attack is quite comprehensible. He started by describing first derivative cryptanalysis, a powerful cryptanalytic technique. Because of such power, differential analysis has been used to break many published ciphers. Block cipher designers therefore ensure that their design is secured from differential attacks.Algorithm designers usually compute an upper bound p on the probability of any differential characteristic on the cipher. The designer then invokes an often repeated folk theorem stating that any successful differential attack willing require at least 1/p texts to break the cipher, thus making a conclusion that the cipher is safe from differential attacks. In revision to prove this folk theorem false, Wagner (1999) exhibited an attack in this case the boomerang attack that allows an opponent to beat the 1/p bound in some cases.Lets say the best characteristic for half of the rounds of the cipher has a probability of q, a successful boomerang attack will therefore need O (q-4) chosen texts. In some cases, q-4 1/p, in which case the boomerang attack will be able to beat the folk theorems bound. Basically, a boomerang attack is still a diffe rential-style attack but does not try to blanket the whole cipher with a single pattern having a significantly large probability. Instead, the attacker tries to find two highly-probable patterns, though not necessarily related to each other, but when taken together can cover the whole cipher (Standaert, Piret, Quisquater, 2003).Wagner (1999) does not only discuss boomerang attack theoretically and only through probabilities, he showed how boomerang attack can be used to break COCONUT98, a cipher that rely on decorrelation techniques for its design. The breaking of COCONUT98 suggests that decorrelation design may fail to give enough shelter against advance differential attacks when caution is not taken. Therefore the use of decorrelation techniques is not a total guarantee of safety against differential-style attacks.Nevertheless, a decorrelation design still improves the ciphers security such that in the absence of a decorrelation module, COCONUT98 will be more vulnerable to conve ntional differential-style attacks. Wagner (1999) also demonstrated the use of boomerang attacks on Khufu and FEAL, and include a description of inside-out attack, a dual to boomerang attack, with the boomerang attack working from the outside, while the inside-out attack works from the inside. In general, the site is very informative but I must admit, quite technical.One therefore does not approach it without having received a background on cryptology. Oliver Pells (nd) website, which he claims has won him a prize in a mathematics essay contest, is just as interesting. Accessed from http//www. ridex. co. uk/cryptology/_Toc439908875, it presents a very useful overview of cryptology. somewhat technical, it comes in between the first two websites. Whereas the first is definitely non-technical while Wagners (1999) paper is definitely technical, Pell (nd) presents technical data in the simplest way possible.In fact, among the triple sites, this one definitely stands out. The website co ntent begins with the definition of commonly-used cryptographic terms, an indication that the paper is meant to be read by a wide range of audience including non-technical ones. The fib of cryptography and cryptanalysis which followed the definition is quite fascinating and seems to me, well-researched. Ancient Egyptians, Hebrews and Assyrians already developed a crude form of cryptographic systems.Later on, the Greeks invented the first transposition cipher but it was the Arabs who were the first to have a clear grasp on the principles of cryptography and elucidated the beginning of cryptanalysis. In the more modern measure, the uses of cryptography during the First and bet on World War were also discussed. What follows is a detailed discussion on cryptography starting on how cryptographic systems are grouped based on the mathematical operation that changes the plain text into ciphertext using the encoding fundamental, based on whether a block or stream cipher is produced, and based on the type of key used, whether single or two key.Substitution ciphers ciphers wherein the units of the plaintext are replaced with symbols or group of symbols, transposition ciphers rearranging of the letters of the plaintext without actually changing the letters themselves, block ciphers symmetric-key encryption algorithms that changes a fixed length block of the plaintext into the same length of cipher text, and stream ciphers also breaks plaintext into units but usually a single character are just some of the ciphers discussed in greater detail under the single key cryptography.A problem in cryptography the key distribution problem is also tackled. Such a problem usually occurs because both the sender and the receiver hold a copy of the key, but must also prevent others from acquire access to the key. The solution to this problem, the two-key cryptography, is also discussed. Briefly, a two-key cryptography enables a user to possess two keys one public and one pri vate with the public key used to encrypt the data to be sent, and the private key used to decrypt it.Some common applications of cryptography, such as protecting confidential company information and protecting a phone call just to name a few, are also presented. In general, the topic (Cryptography) is really well presented. At times when the topic gets a bit too technical (like algorithms), the author presents examples in order for the topic to be better understood. Such a well presented website content is quite uncommon and indeed deserves a prize. References Leary, T. (1996 July). Cryptology in the 16th and 17th Centuries.Retrieved September 27 from http//home. att. net/tleary/cryptolo. htm Pell, O (nd). Cryptology. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from http//www. ridex. co. uk/ cryptology/_Toc439908875. Standaert, F-X. , Pirret, G. & Quisquater, J-J. (2003). cryptanalysis of Block Ciphers A Survey. UCL Crypto Group Technical Report Series. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from http//ww w. di. ens. fr/piret/publ/cg03-2. pdf Wagner, P. (1999). Boomerang Attack. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from lasecwww. epfl. ch/intranet/proceedings-iacr-98-03/papers/1636/16360156. pdf.

Critical Summary of When God Was a Woman Essay

In chapter nine of When perfection Was A Woman, Merlin Stone sought to explain the laws introduced by the Levite priests in Canaan that were put in place to prevent the worship of the Goddess. Members of the Hebrew religion were commanded to kill their own children if they worshipped any deity otherwise than God. Stone argues that the laws put the men of the society in power, as it was not stated that the husband should be killed for worshiping the Goddess. The Levites demanded that every woman belong to a man, due to their distaste for any woman who was not a virgin or married, so they established the concept of sexual morality to restrict the females.Stone states that prone the sexual freedom in the religion of the Goddess, the women had to be taught that sexual relations to multiple men was pure evil. Any sexually free women, or women who silent worshipped the Goddess, were referred to as whores and harlots. Stone elaborates on the unexampled laws of sexual morality, stating that a woman must tho have sex with one man, her husband, while he could have sexual relations with numerous women. A woman could be stoned to death for losing her virginity or even for being raped, if she was already married. Stone says that only the husband could divorce his wife, and if so, she would be left with no material possessions. The divorce laws probably led to fearful women, forcing them to become submissive servants to men.I found this chapter of When God Was A Woman particularly interesting in comparison to the rest of the book. The more(prenominal) information I learned almost the religion of the Goddess prior to this chapter, the more I wanted to know about the laws that governed women with the initial introduction of the male-dominated culture. Chapter nine kept my attention due to the fact that I was already curious about the sexual morality laws. The realization that I could have been killed back then for the beliefs I have today also kept my interest. Stone did an impeccable personal credit line with her organization of ideas. The chapter was easy to follow and to understand, and each idea throwmed to flow with ease to the next.Looking back through the chapter, the only constant source I see her mapping is the Bible. Although this is a reliable source for the Hebrew laws placed upon women, I think that using other sources other than retributive the Bible would have helped in her overall objective of this chapter. Finding a source with the actual morality laws stated would have helped to further confirm the harsh reality of these laws. Other than this fact, I believe that Stone was very thorough in her description of the laws and the details she examined pertaining to the laws.I do think that Stone made reasonable assertions pertaining to the morality laws. Her use of bible verses seems to confirm her arguments about the laws. However, I can see partial bias in her writing. I can see how this can easily happen, visual perception as s he relates to the laws as she is a woman. I can sometimes feel the anger and disgust for the laws come through in her writing as accredited tones are used. Despite her small amount of bias, I think Stone satisfactorily represents and defends all of her points about the morality laws.Most of what Stone exhibits in this chapter was new material for me. Although I learned a lot of information, what stands out to me is that fact that women could actually be stoned to death just for having sexual relations with men. This real grabbed my attention as I thought about how our society is today. Even though we still see sex and pregnancy before marriage as taboo, we have a certain level of toleration for it. It is crazy to think that years ago, many women in todays society would be killed for their actions just because men wanted control over them.

Analysis of Comments on a New York Times Article Essay

The expression. Forced From Executive Pay to Hourly Wage. which was written by Michael Luo and was published in the New York Times last February 28. 2009. fundamentally told the narrative of people who use to gain five or six-figure sums per twelvemonth. are now being paid hourly minimal rewards. One illustration in the article was the instance of Mark Cooper. who used to gain $ 70. 000 as a security director for Fortune 500 Company in the United States and who oversees a budget of $ 1. 2 million.Nine months ago. he lost his occupation and now he is gaining $ 12 an hr in his occupation at his friends janitorial services company. Although the article itself is appealing plenty. it is besides interesting to observe the readers remarks about it. As of now. in that location are 300 remarks about the article and upon reexamining most of them. it can be surmised that each reader who commented had significantly different point of views and sentiments about the narrative told in the New York Times article.Obviously. these readers adhere to different moral codifications which are seen through their responses. In general. the readers who commented on the article can be divided into two groups unrivaled group lauded the brave act of Mark Cooper while the otherwise criticized the manner of authorship and the elusive message that New York Times author used in the article. One of the readers who praised the article narrative admired the bravery of Mr.Cooper as he was able to take down his assumption and found ways to supply for his household even if it means that he has to scour lavatories and hold his salary dramatically reduced from five figures to an hourly break without any benefits. In a sense. this group extremely regarded the value of difficult work and get downing all over once more in a dignified manner. Most of their remarks fundamentally indicated that Mr. Cooper is non entirely and that in that location are 100s of the Statesns who have similar riches t o rags narratives.These readers. based on their remarks. besides believed that there is no shame being hapless every bit long as 1 has a dignified and lawful occupation. On other manus. the other group of readers who commented on the article criticized the New York Times for insinuating that those who work blue-collar occupations are lower signifiers of human existences than those who work white-collar 1s. They see the article as know aparting to Americans who have been populating their lives below the poorness line for a long clip even before the current economic crisis.For illustration. one reader lamented that article more or less showed that a $ 12-an-hour occupation is an indecorous manner of life. which is non true. In add-on. one reader did non experience sorry for Mr. Cooper and commented that he had a slew to be grateful for because he lives in an above norm house and was able to populate a rich life. To this reader. the economic crisis makes everyone in America equal beca use they are fighting to do ends meet. However. whats common in all the readers responses is that they could all associate to the troubles experienced by the people depicted in the article.In fact some of the readers. who are obviously from different walks of life. shared their ain narratives in their remarks. In other words. the individual factor that binds all the readers who commented is the rigourousness brought approximately by the fiscal crisis in America. In a manner. the articles remarks show two things one is that there are a batch of Americans who are so used to a good life that they are apparently caught off-guard when a lay waste toing fiscal crisis like this hits them and the other is that collectable to the crisis. most Americans would be willing to take on any occupation merely to last.But the remarks besides indicated that Americans are more incorporate in accomplishing a common end which is to retrieve from the lay waste toing effects of the crisis and reconstruct their lives. Works Cited Luo. Mark. Forced From Executive Pay to Hourly Wage. 28 February 2009. New York Times. 4 March 2009 & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www. nytimes. com/2009/03/01/us/01survival. hypertext markup language? pagewanted=1 & A _r=2 & A sq=executive % 20janitor & A st=cse & A scp=1 & gt .

How To Make A Cup Of Tea Essay

Currently, drinking a by and bynoon tea is a habit. You can find everyone drinking a tea in their daily activities. The reason why everyone similar drinking a tea is because tea can grooms us relax and also the taste is high-priced. You can also find the seller of a tea cup in any place such as in mall, canteen , supermarket or even now you also can find that thither are many outlets which is just only sell a cup of tea. They sell many kinds of tea such as original tea, lemon tea, milk tea, fruit tea, chocolate tea and other varieties. But you can also make it by yourself in your kitchen. I will explain how to make a cup of tea in general. There are several steps that you have to do to make a cup of tea. This is the three steps that you need. First, claim dried-tea leaves as good quality tea.Second, prepare the ingredients and tools. Last, how to make tea. For the first step to make a good tea, you need to buy a tea with good quality. Many kind of tea that you can find in mark et like tea powder, teabag, and tea dried-tea leaves. You can choose tea powder for sincere way, but it is not too delicious because of chemical plaza on it. Tea bag also the choice if you dont want to wait too big for make a cup of tea. But tea bag also not too good because the bag hasnt good quality and contains of chemical substance on it. The only good choice is dried-tea leaves because it more fresh and natural. Not only that, dried-tea leaves also have a good smell. Second steps after you chose the good quality of tea, you must prepare the ingredients and also the tools.The ingredients you need is like sugar. The sugar that you use here is granulated sugar not refined sugar. another(prenominal) one is water ( boiled water). So you must boil water for the first. After the ingredients done you need some tools too such as myringa and stove to boil the water, if you dont have kettle, you also can use pot which is important to boil water. The last is how to make a cup of tea it self. first off you have to rehate bolied water in kettle about 3-5 minutes. After that pour the lukewarm water into the teapot.If already done, the other step is you have to add the dried-tea leaves into the teapot. wear outt add too much dried-tea leaves because the tea will too thick to drink. Wait about 3 minutes until the tea becomes a forbidding colour. Then strain the tea into a cup so that dried-tea leaves can be filtered. Dont forget to add sugar according to your taste. And the tea ready to serve. You also can add milk or fruit syrup into your tea according your positron emission tomography flavour.Making a tea is not too difficult and you dont have to buy instant tea in supermarket or mall if there is still time to make it. You just need tea, sugar, water, kettle, teapot, cup to make a cup of tea. You can also add milk or fruit syrup according your favourite flavour. With drinking a cup of tea can relax our body and can refresh our mind because of it smells.

Analysis of “He” by Katherine Anne Porter

Katherine Anne hall porters He In Katherine Anne Porters short story, He, Mrs. Whipple has the misfortune of a ment completelyy decelerate son. While struggle to feed and clothe the hungry mouths of her family, Mrs. Whipple tries to camouflage hatred toward her son by ordainting up a facade of love and concern for him in an tackle to look like a better individual. Mr. Whipple and Mrs. Whipples neglect toward their son is evident right from the start by his lack of a name. He is any acknowledged as He or Him.Nance explains that this, failure of the male childs parents to recognize his personality, symbolized by their failure to give him a name, is the root of their defect and suffering (Nance 19). If Mr. and Mrs. Whipple would take the time to understand their son as a person and recognize his abilities, they would be able to accept his situation more easy and Mrs. Whipple could be less concerned with what people say. The distortion of Mrs. Whipples concern for her son is fi rst evident when she says, I wouldnt shed anything happen to Him for all the world, but it just looks like I cant keep Him out of mischief.Hes so strong and activeHes always into everything He was like that since He could walk. Its actually funny sometimes, the way He can do anything its laughable to see Him up to His tricks. (Porter 493) The truth is that Mrs. Whipple fails to put any considerable effort into keeping Him out of trouble in the first place. Mr. and Mrs. Whipple give the boy more chores because they say that He is bigger than average, and wont think tw ice about taking some of his blankets if the other children get cold in winter. On more than one mapping she intentionally puts Him in harms way.After receiving a letter saying that her brother and his family is coming for a visit, Mrs. Whipple insists on sacrificing a baby pig that would be charge a substantial amount of money by Christmas. With the mama pig being a broad fighter, Mrs. Whipple asks Adna to retriev e the piglet. After Adna refuses the challenge, Mrs. Whipple believes it would be a great joke to make Him do it. After the boy manages to steal the pig, with the sow raging at His heels, Mrs. Whipple takes the pig from the boy without showing gratitude for the great favor He did. On another occasion, Mr. and Mrs. Whipple allow the boy to lead a full grown bulls eye home.Both knowing that the bull could easily tear the boy to pieces, they still allow him to bring the animal three miles home. She mustnt make a sound nor a move she mustnt get the bull started. The bull heaved his head aside and horned the air at a fly. Her voice burst out of her in a shriek, and she screamed at Him to come on, for Gods sake. He didnt seem to hear her clamor, but kept on twirling His switch and limping on, and the bull lumbered along behind him as gently as a calf. Mrs. Whipple stopped calling and ran towards the house, praying under her breath Lord, dont let anything happen to Him.Lord, you know peop le will say we oughtnt to have sent Him. You know theyll say we didnt take care of Him. Oh, get Him home, safe home, safe home, and Ill look out for Him better Amen. (Porter 497) Without concern for the boys base hit Mrs. Whipple cries out at the boy to hurry up knowing that her actions could startle the bull. She then runs inside, not waiting to make sure her son made it all the way safely, and prays. Her prayers to get Him home safely bear more on what people will say about her if he does not make it. This is a prime example where Mrs.Whipples superficial mask of love and concern is taken over by her abhorrence toward Him because of her personality flaw (Makoid). Year after(prenominal) year the Whipples condition slowly dwindles. Adna and Emly move to the city for jobs, and He gets more chores placed upon his shoulders. One winter the boy slipped on some ice and fell over and started having convulsions. From then on He had to stay in bed. His legs swelled up and his condition d idnt improve. With the Whipples on their last legs, the doctor suggested they put the boy into the County Home. Mrs.Whipple, still worried about what people will say, refuses to see the boy go. She thinks that with Adna and Emlys help the family will be able to get back on their feet by next summer and take care of the boy. Eventually Mrs. Whipple understands what has to be done. Her neighbor and the doctor drive Mrs. Whipple and Him to the hospital. On the ride to the hospital He starts to cry. This is when Mrs. Whipple realizes that He is going apart forever. His tears signify that maybe He knew that He was going away and He was finally happy Happy to get away from the distortion and confusion of his parents.Mrs. Whipple understands her err, and is now truly concerned about his feelings. Mrs. Whipple and her family are poor southerners struggling to feed and clothe their children. With the addition of a mentally retarded second son, situations become more complicated for the fami ly. Mrs. Whipple tries to mask the neglect of her disabled child by showing false love and concern for him. Only if she could detainment reality and accept her situation, would she be able to overcome her position and truly be happy. Instead Mrs.Whipple insists on hiding her conditions and doing whatever is possible to appear as a great family that is better off than they actually are. Works Cited Makoid, Terence. (2003, April 23). Katherine Anne Porter Analysis of Mrs. Whipple in He. Retrieved April 24, 2011, from University of North Carolina website http//www. unc. edu/home/tmakoid/english/he. html Nance, William L. Katherine Anne Porter & the Art of Rejection. University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill , 1964. 18-23. Porter, Katherine A. (1927). He. In L. McDougal, American Literature (pp. 493-498). Evanston, IL McDougal.

Salinity

Problems arise in the world due to salinity, as when the flavour gets on to the top of the defacement.. it causes disaster to the plants and trees. Salt comes in many forms in the natural environmentcalcium, magnesium, carbonate, atomic number 11 chloride, bicarbonate, and sulphate. umteen landscapes ar naturally saline, however secondary salinity isnt so natural, occurring when salts from deep indoors the earth are dissolved and deposited into soil and weewee as a result of human activity. This brush off happen in one of two ways Dryland salinity from removal of deep-rooted plantsIn dry regions, deeply-rooted fadeless plants, such as shrubs, trees, and grasses, play an important role in regulating groundwater levels. As water is utilize to the soil, the plants drink it up and breath it out through a process called evapotranspiration. This ensures that the water table levels perplex relatively stable. But this balance is thrown into chaos when farmers clear the land to g ain more piazza for grazing animals and cultivating food crops. In doing so, they remove the deep-rooted plants and replace them with shallow-rooted annual crops.These plants do not shorten up as much water as once-plentiful native plants, and as a result, more water remains in the soil. Over timeup to 30 yearswater accumulates in the land, causation the water table to rise. As it does so, it passes through layers of salt and dissolving the deposits that have existed in the land for centuries. The shallow-rooted plants appriset keep up with the rising water levels, which results in rising salt deposits in ever- sum up parsimoniousnesss in topsoil. Irrigation salinity from overirrigationMuch like dryland salinity, irrigation salinity results in a rising water table that brings deep deposits of salt upwards through soil layers. But instead of being caused by land clearing, it results from increased irrigation. As water soaks into the soil, it adds to existing water, raising the water table, bringing salt along for the ride. During periods of irrigation, the water table will lower again, but salt will remain in surface soil, increasing the salt concentration with each irrigation cycle. What impact does it have? Contamination of ecosystems with excess saltBoth dryland and irrigation salinity result in similar environmental challenges * Groundwater used for human consumption as well as agricultural and industrial applications becomes saline, making it unserviceable * Wetlands and bushland ecosystems are damaged, resulting in declines in wildlife biodiversity * Salt damages houses, pipelines, railways, buildings, roads, and water supply systems What has been done about it? Many conservation and regeneration options available There are many possible steps a union can name to interdict and/or reverse salinity Identify areas where potential for biodiversity loss is profound due to salinity, setting targets to protect and bring back reasonable species * Prote cting key native phytology species from being cleared and promoting reintroduction of these species in areas affected by salinity * Limit over-irrigation and the construction of dams in sensitive areas, such as wetlands and watercourses * Promote environmentally-sound property management planning * Educate farmers and the public about the risks of increasing salinity * Construct both surface and sub-surface drainage systems to prevent salinity that results from rising water levelsIs this execution workings? Reversing soil salinity a slow process prevention is easier Progress in preventing and reversing the effect of salinization is slow and painstaking. Research is beginning to identify ways farmers can pass over to cultivate their crops without increasing soil salinity. Planting salt tolerant, deep-rooted plants throughout agricultural lands in one way to see improvements, but like most solutions, it can be costly and requires by-in from farmers and communities alike. Further education of key stakeholders in communities at risk of salinization is required. Why is this? Effects of soil salinity take many years to appearIt can take up to 30 years for communities to begin to feel the effects of increasing salinity, making reversal of the task equally time-consuming. It also requires significant funding. The Australian government, for instance, pledged to spend nearly $8 million on salinization remediation plans to 2008. Should it continue? On one side, there are those who are against Without remediation of soil salinity, dandy problems lie ahead Without long-sighted solutions, the problem of salinity, including loss of agricultural land, devastation of ecosystems, and the costs associated with damaged property, will continue to increase. In the US, it is estimated that 10 million hectares of land is lost to salinity every year. The challenge is equally severe in Australia.Environmentalists have been drawing attention to this growing crisis for years, an d only after seeing the effects of salinity are individuals and governments coming to terms with the magnitude of the problem. Failure to address salinity could result in widespread crop failures and even more devastating loss of biodiversity. Should it continue? On the other side, there are those who are all for it Hydro advocates oppose There are many who prefer to turn a unreasoning eye to the problem of salinity, especially those with a vested interest in the industries responsible for the consequences. Salinity can increase in the presence of dams and other water reservoirs, making salinity an acceptable cost to advocates of large-scale hydro projects.The damming of the conscientious objector River, which flows into Mexico, has caused significant increases in the brackish (i. e. saline) quality of the water. Reversing these problems so that those down river can be supplied with high-quality water has been valuable for the US, resulting in costs upwards of several hundred mi llion dollars every year. Farmers struggles Equally challenging is working with farmers who see the very long-range problem of salinity as minor compared to the desire to see short-term financial gains through over-irrigation of crops. Small and large-scale farmers alike struggle with the reality of spending money to prevent a problem that may not occur for decades.

How to become a good manager Essay

1- What atomic number 18 the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear family? A main advantage of the nuclear family is that a couple has supreme privacy. Nuclear families incur less stress and trouble when moving into a new home. There is a specific sense of freedom that gives a nuclear family the ability to live deportment as they wish. It is excessively easier to avoid stress. A disadvantage is that children ar left to take c are of themselves. An early(a) disadvantage is that the emotional state of safety and security is lacking. There is also non more(prenominal) of a support system.2- What are the advantages and disadvantages of lengthy family? increase families are families where tercet or more generations are living in the same house. Usually, that mean that the grandparents are living with their children and grandchildren. Research has shown that there are several advantages to living in all-encompassing families. Extended families are very most-valuable in cou ntries where there is no social security net. Extended families attention prevent elderly slew from becoming poor. A nonher advantage is that the grandparents rotter formulation after the children. During the day, the grandparents outlook the children to make sure that they are ok. And they also talk to the children when the parents are busy. This helps the children learn their language. And since the children are well interpreted care of, both of the parents are free to work on the farm or earn currency in jobs.Disadvantages.Sometimes you nurture no privacy because there are so many members. They move also cause conflict and problems, meddling in other family members problems.While it is advantageous when you have a problem to have other members around to help, sharing other family members problems screwing also become onerous on other members so that you not precisely have your own problems to worry about, scarce those of your extended family.3- What are the advantages and disadvantages of polygamous family? Advantages of polygamy stack be that stereotypical female roles can be shared. That means that children look at more attention, house work is tangle withe quicker and alsothat if a woman in a polygamous relationship wants to work outside the home, she can without worrying whether or not strangers are lift her child. Disadvantages can occur when people start to think they have ownership over each other and suck jealous. Other disadvantages may be that as a wife gets older she can be replaced with a better younger woman. She may feel neglected as her time has passed, but monetarily she should calm be taken care of and she still has her place in the family. 4- What are the advantages and disadvantages of arranged wedlock? AdvantagesYour parents whop you psycheally from birth to raising you your whole life so they best know your dispositions and personality and how you trade with others and all that acceptable stuff. When they look for nearone for you, they look out for people who best fit your sour and not someone whom you might be enticed by from some few qualities that turn out to be not so great later on. Also, usually arranged marriages occur w/in unaired communities so people will know each other well from childhood and in that case, people really do know each other, including those acquiring married and they are strangers.In Islam also, parents not only look for good personal qualities but also good spiritual qualities in how good they are with their religion and so forth. The person getting married also can refuse any person their parent chooses as he/she has no compulsion to marry anyone he/she doesnt like or doesnt think he/she will like. Finally, although a non-Muslim wouldnt consider it anything, Muslim stress a lot on prayer and that Allah leads them in the right direction to the right match and steer them apart from a bad choice.DisadvantagesYou dont necessarily know the person so making love l oss leader may take some time. Something which is really bad not b/c of the institution itself but more b/c of various cultural influences on peoples personal agendas or essentially, when parents arent looking out for their children but their own needs. They may have personal prejudices against people who look some way or against people of a certain status and while Islam states that a unbent Muslim lookspast these things and only spirituality matters, not all parents are good Muslims and some are better South Asians than Muslims and are quite superficial. These kind of parents also dont give much thought to spirituality either so it could be a woman who wears tight clothing or a man who drinks and womanizes. 5- What are the advantages and disadvantages of love marriage? Advantages of Love pairingOne of the most important advantage of love marriage is that it gives you the freedom to choose your own life partner and love marriage offers more independence and freedom to live your l ife. In love marriage both individuals feel more secured and comfortable as they know each other well and are also aware of strengths and impuissance of each other. And they do not find any difficulty or anything new in their life after their marriage. Love marriage has a bright chances of success because it occurs from mutual attraction, love and understanding of individuals. It is not an artificially created union as in an arranged marriage. Love marriage gives your life excitement and stop of mind. You have a life partner of your choice with whom you can go to different places, enjoy your vacations, be sports events and youll see all these things will look more lovely when you have your love with you Disadvantages of Love MarriageIn spite of advantages there are certain disadvantages of love marriage. Those individuals who go for love marriages usually dont get family support and even in some cases their relatives do not approve of their marriage. In love marriage both bride an d groom have more expectations from each which can ruin their mirth in coming future as unmet expectations are a major cause of conflict in love marriages. The worst drawback of love marriage is an early break up, as both individuals who were in love with each other before the marriage feel lack of freedom from their families. Love marriages are roaring only if a person is chosen wisely but man such marriages are not a result of any careful deliberation or insight but raging hormones.So, as a result there is mismatch between lifes goals and aspirations of the two individuals, which after some time becomes a cause of friction and eventually leads to divorce. Thus it is most important to decide to get married to a person who loves you more than you love that person 8- Why dowe need to debate about Asian Culture?If you look at the countries that form the Asian continent, they are as respective(a) and winning as you can get. The continent includes giant nations like China, India an d Turkey and is home to historically-rich countries like Japan, Korea and the Philippines. The sum East is an area rich in culture and natural resources, and is the theological homeland for all three of the worlds largest religions, which are found in this area. In fact, Asia is the birthplace of most of the worlds religious and philosophical thought. As far as culture is concerned, there is nowhere more fascinating and diverse on earth. From the mountain-tops of Tibet to the sand dunes of Saudi Arabia, Asia is home to a host of really important cultures. 9-What are the advantages and disadvantages of urban center living?There are many advantages living in a city. Living in a city is very convenient. There ara many important things for life such as cloths, furniture and health care here. There are better choices because there are more shops. We can also choose an expensive or cheap things that suit to our budget. Living in a city can makes chances of getting a proper education be cause we can go to a better school, colleges or universities. Most of the good and famous universities are situated in big cities.It is also easier to find chances of getting a good job and of course a good salary if you choose to live in a big city. A big city has more opportunity to find job with good salary as there are many companies, corporations and businesses. The facilities are also good. During emergency, we do not have to be transferred to other hospital as we need only short time to get to the hospital. In addition, living in city, we can enjoy the best entertainment. There are many entertainment for our family. Furthermore, we can also enjoy many kinds of food as there are many restaurants in city. The cosmos transportations in city are always better than the one that we have in the rural area. We can choose transport like busses, LRT or monorail which the rural area does not have. These will reduce our expenses.

Cooper Industries Case Study Essay

OVERVIEWbarrel maker Industries is a broadly diversified manufacturer of electrical and general industrial products, and vim related machinery and equipment. The guild operates in three different business segments with 21 separate profit centers. These segments imply electrical and electronic, commercial and industrial, compression, drilling and energy equipment. The product line is consisted of cheap fuses to $3 million compressor tribune sets along with products such as hand tools and light fixtures.The company bid a $21-a-share tender offer to read mavin Spark Plug, manufacturer of auto spark plugs, as a counter offer for the Dana Corp.s $17.50-a-share bid. Also, in the mean m, Cooper Industries was considering a $700 million bid for Cameron Iron plant. Even though buy either or both companies will give operational and organizational advantages, there were high fiscal risks involved. Undertaking both acquisitions would result in a 55% to 60% debt to capitalization ratio.ANA LYSISCooper Industries acquired more than 60 manufacturing companies over a thirty year span in order to change magnitude the size and the scope of the company. Most of the acquired companies made it possible for Cooper to be independent of the outside environment and giving full control of the manufacturing process c at oncerning their business while avoiding anti-trust bothegations. Cooper basically purchased every company that is vital to its energy industry and all the side industries that effect it. From tools to fuses to cables to the drilling equipment was manufactured and distributed by the masss divisions.Each acquisition is decided from a wish list that was closely examined and studied. At the time of the take over, the Management Development & Planning division would implement the corporate strategy in a period of three to five years. This involves diversification and elimination of the products that are poor sellers. In some cases the end product plant is relocated and the staff is reorganized for the best efficient set up. In time all these companies are turned into profit centers.RECOMMENDATIONSOne of my first suggestions will be to consider Cameron Iron Works first since all the valves and opposite natural gas and petroleum products will be more beneficiary. simply there is more demand for Camerons products than the Champions. Little adjustments in the production process along with the Cooperization adjustment will have make the company efficient in a short period of time. In contrast, Champion is considered to have 1950s production techniques and only one product line, spark plugs, which will charter tremendous changes within the company.The other option whitethorn be to purchase both of the companies, regardless(prenominal) of the financial risks involved. By allocating all the departments such as Management Development & Planning in the process, Cooper may turn things around.Since the beginning, Coopers way of acquiring companies se em to create success stories in the end. Champion still has brand name recognition in Europe and Asia (personal knowledge) which maybe taken advantage of. major(ip) changes for the American market may take place while the revenues from the overseas sales finance the process. And once the changes are made in here, according to the demand the product line maybe readjusted for those markets.One other option for the Champion acquisition maybe to consider other possible options in the automotive part industry. There may be other companies requiring less adjustment, and maybe turned into profit centers in less time than Champion.If buying both the companies is not possible at the time, then Cameron seems like a discover option giving independence to Cooper in the valve dependence. Utilization of this company seems more of a precession at the time. However Dana may end up buying Champion if Cooper delay the acquisition.

Thrift Savings Plan

penny-pinching nest egg mean HRA-360 Total stipend Dr. James Waters Jacqueline Kelly 2 March 2010 Every successful organization depends on the abilities of a good workforce. The united States Government is no distinct. One of the major concerns of most employees is receiving fair recompense for the work performed, even after retirement. In 1920 the U S Federal regimen provided retirement, dis powerfulness and survivor benefits for most civilian employees.The intent continues to provide benefits to those still covered under the plan. Employees covered under CSRC were non covered by Social Security. However, realizing a need for change, the United States Congress designed a spick-and-span program, the parsimoniousness Savings political program, which was enacted 6 June 1986 and became effective 1 January 1987 in the Federal Employees Retirement Act of 1986. The sparing Savings Plan is meant to operate like a 401(k) retirement nest egg plan.The plan permits employees to de fer salaried tax revenuees on the money saved until they retire, at which time they whitethorn be in a trim down tax bracket because they argon no longer earning a full time income. The Thrift Savings Plan is one of the three parts of the Federal Employees Retirement System, and is the largest defined contri justion plan in the world with assets worth over $210 billion dollars. The Thrift Savings Plan has the over 3. 7 trillion participants who contribute to the plan on a voluntary basis.Some these civilian participants included Individuals on pass abjure without pay to serve as full-time officers or employees of certain unions or other employee organizations Individuals depute from a Federal agency to a state or local presidential term under an Inter politicsal military force Act assignment who choose to retain FERS or CSRS coverage Individuals appointed or otherwise assign to one of the Cooperative Extension Services, as defined by the National Agricultural Research, Ex tension, and Teaching form _or_ system of government Act of 1977 Federal justice and judges, certain Federal bankruptcy judges and magistrate judges, Claims Court judges, and Court of old stager Appeals judges Nonappropriated Fund employees of the acknowledgment incision or the U. S. Coast Guard who have chosen to be covered by FERS or CSRS. According to an rticle in the Business Source Complete, participants in the TSP are disproportionately male, higher earners, older, full-time workers, and either white or nonblack minorities compared with the population at large. I expect this subroutine to continue to grow as peoples concerns increase about Social Securitys existence further down the road. Employees in the Federal Retirement System are limited to add 10 share of their earned income to the program and the national government will match up to 10 percentage. Employees who f only under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) who are non covered by Social Security may invest up to 5 percent of their earnings to the TSP. The federal government contributes 1 percent to TSP answer fors for all employees covered under the Federal Employees Retirement System.Many government employees obviously consider this program an important compensation and they continue to increase their contributions as their earnings increase. Data amass by the Department of Labor, the Employee Benefit Research Institute, and the Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board for 1992, 1993, and 1997 note that the TSP had a conjunction rate of 79 percent, which is more than the 68 percent eligible workers utilizing 401(k) plans, and 8 percent participating in IRAs. A contributing factor to the differences in the number of employees participating in the different programs may be the fact that government employees have a wealth of knowledge available to them on the TSP. They are able to monitor their accounts daily on the internet.In addition, changes may be made on how much is contributed and they may borrow from the account when necessary with minimal penalties. Although, they are advised that the account are established for long-term investing in their future are retirement. Federal employees under FERS have noted a pivotal reason they participate in the program is because of the matching contributions and those employees under CSRS tout the tax benefit as their main reason for participating in the program. Many people consider set down a government a great feat because of the benefits of getting all federal holidays off with pay, pass and sick leave, and most time tuition reimbursement. But the TSP may now be very a sought after component of a compensation package.An added benefit to the TSP is workers are fully vested in the 1 percent agency automatic contributions after three years( two years for congressional employees and executive-branch political appointees). In addition, workers who leave the federal government for jobs in other sectors of th e economy screw leave their money in the TSP and it will continue to accrue interest, dividends, and capital gains according to the performance of the inventorys in which they have chosen to invest. If they opt not to leave their money in the TSP, they may roll it over into another investment vehicle such as an IRA or a 401(k) plan. Furthermore, there are no vast fees for management of the account. A draw back to the TSP is new hires have a waiting period of 6 to 1 year before they can reap the benefit of employer matching contributions.However, they may rollover distributions into the TSP form other tax-qualified retirement savings plans from private-sector firms. Provided certain criteria are met. The TSP is now available to military personnel. On October 30, 2000, the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Public Law 106-398) was signed. One provide of the law extended participation in the TSP, which was originally barely for Federal civilia n employees, to members of the uniformed services. The uniformed services include Department of the Army Department of the Navy Department of the Air Force United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard Public Health Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration all contributions made by civilians and military personnel are made by way of automatic paysheet deductions. They also had a limit of which they could contribute, mandated by the IRS of $15,500. Fortunately, employees over the age of 50 have a provision that allows for a little catch up, in that they may contribute an additive $5,000 annually. Employees may also cite proto(prenominal) detachments without penalty from the IRS if they need the money to pay for medical expenses of the plan participant, a spouse, or dependent, but only to the extent that they exceed 7. 5 percent of adjusted gross income. Ironically, funds may be withdrawn through an IRS levy to collect back taxes owed by the plan participant .Another allowable withdrawal may be for an alternate payee under a qualified domestic relations order (QDRO). Also, early distribution is permissible if it is part of a series of substantially equal periodic payments (SEPPs) over the flavor of the participant or the joint lives of the participant and the beneficiary. Both CSRS and the FERS retirement pension plans are determined by multiplying three factors the salary base, the accrual rate, and the number of years of service. Salary base is the last average pay, commonly their highest, before retirement. Nevertheless, while the TSP is an outstanding compensation for federal employees it does have some disadvantages.The Thrift Savings Plan is a defined contribution plan similar to a savings account maintained by the employer on behalf of each participating employee. The combined come ups contributed by the employee and employer are invested in stocks and bonds but the employer has no monetary obligation other than making contr ibutions to the employees retirement account. All the investment risks fall on the employee. If they do not invest decent for a comfortable retirement, or if the investments lose value or increase in any case slowly, the employee bears the burden of not having fitted income for retirement. If an employee withdraws from the fund before age 59 they will pay an additional 10 percent tax penalty.This additional tax does not apply to the beneficiary after the conclusion of the participant of if the participant becomes disabled. I feel the government TSP is an excellent compensation afforded to civilian employees because they receive a specific dollar amount matched by Uncle Sam. They are able to ferment payroll deductions directly into the account and are able to manage their account directly through the internet. Employees covered by FERS have an amount equal to 1 percent of pay contributed to the Thrift Savings Plan by their employing agencies, even if the employee makes no volunt ary contributions to the TSP. This amount is not deducted from employee pay. It is paid by the employing agency from sums appropriated to it by Congress for salaries and related expenses.presumptuous a nominal annual investment repossess of 6. 0 percent, an employee who retires after 30 years of federal drill will be able to replace only about 3 percent of final salary from his or her TSP account if he or she never makes a voluntary contribution to the plan. Although it is minimal, employees can still benefit from the plan without contributing a penny. Without apply a financial advisor, they have the ability to make intranet transfers on their accounts. Thrift Plan participants can receive account-balance information and conduct transactions using an automated phone system or on the Thrift Plans Website at www. tsp. gov. The plans depend relatively simple to understand.Employees no longer have to wait for an open enrollment period to make changes to their account. Government and military personnel have two choices on the bond side to invest in. If they sine qua non to invest in a low risk bond, the choice is the G Fund which invests in government securities, or the F Fund, which is tracks the Lehman Brothers Aggregate Bond Index. Theres a target maturity plan which they call Life Cycle, or L Funds. Basically, they way the plan works is participants select the fund whose target date corresponds most with the year they hope to retire. It is a diversified portfolio, investing in the C, F, G, S, and I funds that become more conservative as the participant nears their retirement age.The C fund invests in stocks of all of the corporations that represented in the Standard and Poors 500 index. The F fund, or frozen Income Index Investment Fund invests in securities represented in the Shearson Lehman Brothers Aggregate (SLBA) bond index. They are comprised of government bonds, corporate bonds, and mortgage-backed securities. The G fund consist of U. S. government securities and pays interest equal to the average rate of return on long-term U. S. government bonds. This is a very low risk fund and considered the safest of the TSP funds because the spark advance is guaranteed not to drop in value. The S fund (Small Capitalization Stock Index Fund) invest in the common stocks that are represented in the Wilshire 4500 index.The I fund (International Stock Index Fund) invests in the stocks of unlike corporations represented in the Morgan Stanley Capital Investment EAFE(Europe, Australia-Asia, Far East) index. The Life Cycle Fund uses a faction of these five funds to optimize returns for employees depending on the time frame they have chosen for their expected retirement. The Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) plays a fundamental role in helping federal workers achieve adequate financial resources for retirement. Employees covered by FERS who do not make voluntary contributions to the TSP, and thus receive only the 1 percent agency automatic contributio n, will be able to replace only 2 percent to 4 percent of final annual salary from the TSP at retirement.Most workers in the put down and middle ranges of the federal salary scale will be able to achieve the 60 percent salary replacement. The TSP makes for an admirable compensation feature for many of the active duty military retirees who seek employment with the federal government after retirement. This would be icing on the cake since the military uses the benefits plan ground on salary earned in the years immediately preceding retirement which they start receiving the calendar month after they are completely retired from active duty. I could see how the double dippers, as they are called, may be able to maximize on the TSP using their retirement income.It would allow for employees need for security measure to be satisfied in knowing that after retirement they may have an adequate income after they leave government service if their funds are invested wisely. They would still be able to meet their physiological, safety and security needs, which is especially important in retirement years. That in turn should help to keep their spirit and self-importance esteem up because they are still able to provide for themselves and others that depend on them which should bring a sense of belonging and love. Ultimately, being able to participate in the Thrift Savings Plan, in the human race or private sector, sends a message tol employees that their employer or the U S government thought enough of the people who work for them to implement a compensation plan to reward them for their years of service to the organization.I think if more employees had a compensation package that included a benefit similar to the Thrift Savings Plans less people would be concerned about the solvency of Social Security. Federal employees at all income trains can significantly boost their retirement income by contributing to the TSP, and such contributions are essential in order for those in the upper third of the federal pay scale to achieve a level of income that will allow them to maintain their pre-retirement standard of living. References Purcell, P. (2007). Federal employees retirement system The role of the thrift savings plan. Journal of deferred compensation, 13(1), 74-99.Retrieved from Business Source Premier database. Springstead, G. , & Wilson, T. (2000) Participation in voluntary individual savings accounts An abstract of IRAs, 401 (K)s, and the TSP. Social Security Bulletin, 63(1), 34. Retrieved from Business Premier database. (2007). Thrift Savings Plan participant survey results 2006. pension Benefits, 16(5), 11. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database (2008). Federal Thrift Plan mirrors 401(k) Plans. 401K Advisor, 15(11), 8-9. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database. Barkume, A. (2004). employ incentive pay and providing pay supplements in US job markets. Industrial Relations, 43 (3), 618-633.Dolmat-Connell, J. , Dolmat-Connell, S. , & Miller, G. (2009). Potential implications of the frugal downturn for executive compensation. Compensation & Benefits Review,41, 33-38. Gerhart, B. , & Rynes, S. (2003). Compensation Theory, evidence, and strategic implications. Los Angeles, CA Sage Publications. Hansen, F. (2010). Currents in compensation and benefits. Compensation & Benefits Review, 42 3-15. Henderson, R. (2006). Compensation management in a knowledge-based world (10th edition). Upper Saddle Creek, NJ scholar Hall/Pearson. Milkovich, G. , & M. Newman, J. (2008). Compensation (9th edition). New York, NY McGraw Hill Publishers.