How Can Public Diplomacy Complement “Hard Power” Tactics in International Affairs?

Hard function is a term used to describe indicator that is acquired from the use of military and/or stintingal force to incline the behaviour or interests of different(a)wise g everywherenmental entities. As the name might imply, this type of political ability is such(prenominal) aggressive, and is closely effective when imposed by wholeness political eubstance upon a nonher of slighter military and/or economic world power. What it boils d possess to is Do what we exigency. If you dont, we will inflict undesirable damage on your person, citizenry, economy, security forces, crops, intimately water, et cetera.Hard power is mostly placed in the International dealings field of Realism, where military power is seen as the expression of a pleads strength in the international comm wizard. While the existence of voteless power has a coherent history, the term arose when Joseph Nye coined loony power as a fresh and different form of power in a States immaterial form _o r_ system of government. Nye delimit loony power as the ability to get what you want done attraction rather than by coercion. He also utter that soft power could be bringed through relations with consort, economic assistance, and cultural alternates. He argued that this would result in a more(prenominal) than aureate unrestricted opinion and credibility afield. By engaging both forms of power, dangerous and soft, one is then employing smart power. An otherwise term defined by Joseph Nye, it was endorsed by Hilary Clinton We must use what has been called smart power the overflowing range of tools at our disposal diplomatic, economic, military, political, legal, and cultural picking the right tool, or combination of tools, for each situation. With smart power, treat will be the head of foreign policy. Ideas matter, and a countrys ability to assist ideals to citizens of other nations and societies, known as frequent diplomacy (PD), can work wonders to elicit t he national interest. By taking a discover at face studies, we will examine whether PD can complement aphonic power tactics and thus we will see if smart power is in reality viable in practice. The U. S strategy of grave power and familiar diplomacy in the Cold War During the Cold War, the world was dual-lane in two, as the two super-powers attempted to gain support from inert parties p stripe of place down offsetting the actions of their opponent.The linked States and Russia were more or less equally matched in military and political strength and this resulted in a stalemate. With hard power abilities alone proving ineffective at turning the tide in both railion it meant that another instrument of demonstrating global dominance would be required. The radical strategy of the US during the Cold War was containment using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stay the permeate of Communism, boost the Statess security and influence abroad, and eliminate a dom ino effect.The concept of containment was proposed by diplomat George Kennan in the notorious huge Telegram . Kennan argued that the only way to defeat the spread of Communism was to suffocate it. Containment had two major policies associated with it, the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall program and was a reaction to a string of moves by the Soviet heart to expand Communist influence in Eastern Europe, chinaw be, and Korea. It represented a middle-ground position between appeasement and rollback. The Truman Doctrine was a robust political platform that that pledged military support to the nations struggling against communist pressures.It was announced By professorship Truman in his 1947 address to congress after the unify landed e demesne informed the United States that it no longer had the capabilities to aid Greece and Turkey in their struggle against Soviet tensions. In the address he decl atomic image 18d that the United States would support free peoples who are resisti ng attempted subjugation by gird minorities or by outside pressures. The Truman Doctrine displayed the U. S objective to do to both further expansion with military forcethe hard power element of containment.The Truman Doctrine was the justification for guessable injections of American money into European economic recovery to counteract the nurture of social and political unrest. This overambitious aid plan was called the Marshall Plan after the secretary of state at the time. General Marshall proposed the plan with two targets to assist in the re pee-peeing of Europe and to win the hearts and minds of the citizens most vulnerable to the strain of communism. The act of benevolence was accepted by the United States European allies after a phase of negotiations, except was discarded by the Soviets and other atoms of the Eastern Bloc.The Marshall Plan represented a significant advance(prenominal) application of U. S. soft power and the vital non-military aspect of US policie s of containment. Containment is an elegant example of a masteryful balance of hard and soft power. The policies they utilise in this process served to strengthen relations with at-risk countries in Europe while at the same time sending a salubrious heart to the Soviet alliance th at the United States would react potently to any further Soviet expansion. In item, containment was so successful, that many experts consider it the leading cause of the Soviet collapse.Another prime example of this PD was the cultural exchanges which saw tens of thousands of Soviet students go to America to study. These exchanges enabled many Soviet citizens, especially in the upper and middle reaches of society, to see the United States with their own eyes. The students would then go back to the USSR and some even occupied roles of influence and played important roles in the peaceful demise of the Soviet Union As I mentioned earlier, Public Diplomacy serves to make ones country and ideals more at tractive to citizens of other countries.One way that the U. S achieved this during the Cold War was by setting up organizations such as Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), the Voice of America (VOA), and the United States Information Agency (USIA) which communicated the ideals of democracy, individual rights, and the free market. U. S. officials distinguished Americas truthful approach from the lies and deceptions of immaculate Nazi and Soviet propaganda and at that placefore the term public diplomacy came into widely distributed use by the 1970s to reflect this critical difference.In fact it was noted by Edward R. Murrow, then director of the USIA, that truth is the best propaganda and lies are the worst. Nye remarks that Pop culture also featured largely in the U. S arsenal as it transmits widely American values that are open, mobile, individualistic, anti-establishment, pluralistic, populist, and free. Long forrader the Berlin Wall fell in 1989 it had been pierced by tv and movies. The hammers and bulldozers would not flip worked without the years-long transmission of images of the popular culture of the west before it fell. In the end, the promotion of these values contributed mightily to the nearly bloodless detachment of the Soviet Empire. chinas public diplomacy in Africa In recent years, china has looked to complement its long-established employment of hard power with soft power, and as a consequence, the Chinese government has devoted a lot of consideration to public diplomacy. In the past, Chinese governments fool demonstrated a limited understanding of public diplomacy, viewing it either as outdoor(a) propaganda or a form of midland public affairs, but this has not prevented China from becoming a killed public diplomacy p point. Public diplomacy and hard power are not only used in situations of war or tension between countries. One can look at Chinese relationship with Africa for a prime example of public diplomacy employed to strengthen economic relations. Africa has resources that China needs and so China views other countries, mainly this in the West, as a direct competitor for African resources. That is why they needed to establish such noticeable relationship with Africa.A strategy to block out competitors would require a deep partnership of assert (gained with PD), or coercion (Hard berth). The Chinese opted for the trust route as they believed it would be more cost-effective in the long run to establish a trust and understanding. Relationships begin with dialogues. The goal is to build trust. Trust cannot be manufactured, it has to be earned. China-African relations have steadily deepened and change since the founding of new China in 1949.Developing from the ideologically-driven interactions during the Cold War, straight offs China-Africa relations combine pragmatic economic and political means to achieve Chinas objective of establishing a world ordinate that is peaceful and favourable to con tinued economic growth and stability at home. In the 1960s and 1970s, China supported liberation movements in some(prenominal) African countries, gave aid to socialist nations to build stadiums, hospitals, railroads and other infrastructure, and cemented relations through a steady stream of expert engineers, teachers, and doctors.Today, Chinese officials travel to Africa attach to by bankers and businesspeople, promoting political and economic commerce that develops China-Africa ties in a sustainable fashion. While profession and diplomacy are driven by Chinas newfound economic strength and subsequent demand for stabbing materials, China continues to support longstanding programs that deliver aid to impoverished African citizens, such as sending teams of doctors and providing medicines. There are a number of reasons why China makes for such an appealing partner to many African countries.Chinas attitude towards bilateral relations and economic development offers a different alter native to the political and economic reforms pushed forward by the West. China has adopted a firm stance of obeisance for other nations sovereignty and persistently refuses to condemn or involve itself in the internal affairs of African nations. This attitude has earned it the respect of those leadership and elite individuals and groups that profited from poor governance and crooked political systems and so they are not so keen on applying tedious and costly economic reforms insisted on by the West.In order to demonstrate to Africa how sincere and skilful their friendship with China is, Beijing drafted a policy on Africa. China reportedly gets over a quarter of its oil from Africa , so it is not surprising its interested in building up and maintaining relations on the continent. At the start of the millennium, Beijing established the China-Africa Cooperation Forum (CACF) to encourage alternate and investment with 44 African countries. In 2003, Prime Minister wen visited several oil-producing African states accompanied by Chinese oil executives, and President Hu toured Algeria, Egypt, and Gabon.China has been collaborating with governments in the Gulf of Guinea, from Angola to Nigeria, as well as with the interchange African Republic, Chad, Congo, Libya, Niger, and Sudan. In mid-January 2006, China issued an African foreign policy paper. China has laid out the strategy for all to see and it is divided into cardinal parts 1. Africas Position and Role 2. Chinas Relations with Africa 3. Chinas African Policy 4. Enhancing all-round(prenominal) Cooperation between China and Africa 5. Forum on China-Africa Cooperation and Its Follow-up Actions 6.Chinas Relations with African Regional Organizations The document is made as accessible as viable on the internet. It is written in simple side of meat which means that it is docile to read even for those who do not have an exceptionally strong command of the language. This document is a perfect demonstration of pub lic diplomacy. The Chinese are doing a superb job in the region. Chinas relationship with the public goes further than building prestige buildings for the public and the public themselves get to conduct whether they want a sports stadium or a government building.In addition, television in the area is becoming more and more English language transitions from China. By backing up its economic interests with so much soft power, China has been put on a moral high-ground when studyd to other global players. EU consolidation and public diplomacy One of the most successful initiatives to embody the principles of effective public diplomacy was the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community in the 1950s which has now evolved into the European Union.European desegregation is the process of mainly political, legal, social and economic integration of European states, which these days is primarily achieved through the European Union and the Council of Europe. Attempts at European integration emerged originally after the devastation of the Second homo War and the desire of European countries to integrate so much so as to eliminate the possibility of another European war. The main intention behind integrating economically and politically is that the smaller European countries have more influence in international matters such as trade and world politics.A kind of United States of Europe was called for by Winston Churchill and in 1950 the German and French politicians, Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet, proposed a ordinary market for char and steel for those countries willing to delegate control of these sectors of their economies to an independent authority. In 1951 the agreement of Paris was signed by the leaders of six European countries Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and West Germany.This treaty founded the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) creating a common market in which the industries that were crucial for war were controlled thus p reventing the unilateral rearmament of any of its member states, particularly Germany. The ECSC enjoyed economic and political success which spurred the six member states to sign the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and establish the European economical Community (EEC), which was transformed into the European Community from 1967 in the Merger Treaty.In 1993 the Maastricht Treaty transformed the ECSC into the European Union and European integration became less and less well-nigh the negative removal of barriers, and more and more about positive, active harmonization. The EU has steadily been evolving as a diplomatic power in its own right. To demonstrate this, we need to look at the broad sweep of the development of an EU diplomatic corps over time where it came from, how few of them there originally were, how little they did, and how these details compare with trends today.The European Union practices public diplomacy through a multilayered model of policies and programs, relying both on it s Representations in member-states, as well as its Delegations abroad it now has diplomatic delegations in over 150 countries, employing over 5,000 members of staff. With its internal conversation strategy the Union aims to engage EU-citizens more closely in its political life and to spend a penny a sense of common identity.Its communication strategy for enlargement, on the other hand, is designed to explain the goals and responsibilities of the European pop the question to countries that aspire to become member states as well as to promote the benefits of enlargement to Euro-sceptics inside the EU. The European Neighbourhood Policy provides another layer of regional integration and governance and is directed towards the EUs immediate neighbours by land and sea, primarily developing countries, who seek one day to become either member states of the European Union itself, or more closely interconnected with the economy of the European Union.Finally, through its network of Delega tions abroad, the EU aims to assert itself on the international stage and regulates its relations with third countries. Although basically aimed at developing a public diplomacy capability, most of the outreach activities of the EU are not officially referred to as public diplomacy, but are set forth as information and communication campaigns, or education and cultural exchange programs. These efforts are intended not only to inform and explain the deeds of EU institutions but also to socialize into the norms and values of the Union.The European bursting charge is the institution responsible for conducting the Unions diplomacy and public diplomacy efforts. While other EU bodies have also initiated public diplomacy programs, the Commission is the one providing the executive action. Since the creation of the ECSC in 1950 member states have achieved great success in integrating socially, economically and politically between themselves all the same there are still many difficulties to be overcome and the process of integration will never be complete.Much progress has been made to create an integrated EU diplomatic service and this will continue to be utilized alongside hard power economic and political policies to develop the EU as strong and coherent body of states. Conclusion As we have seen in these case studies, when hard power is coupled with soft power, especially public diplomacy, it creates a most effective product more effective than the sum of its parts. The European Union for example has been seen as a civilian power.It has no army even though this is one of the areas where unity would bring an obvious increase in efficiency and influence. It relies on law, on negotiation, on multilateral organisation. Its relationships are often in the form of contractual agreements, itself a revealing phrase. It seems a model of soft power, as America is of hard power. Even China, a country based on hard power, has realised the effectiveness of adding a strong pu blic diplomacy to its repertoire. Realists have a preference for hard power.Otto von Bismarck is famous for the remark that this policy cannot succeed through speeches and songs it can be carried out only through blood and iron. In a twist of irony however Bismarcks blood and iron was not the solution to the German question. By 1945 Germany had had enough of both they had undermined Bismarcks achievement of wedlock and had led to the ruin of Germany. In todays world it is more important than ever to be able to effectively combine hard and soft power to form smart power.Even one of the great military men of all time, realised the importance complementing hard power with soft when he famously stated that There are but two powers in the world, the steel and the mind. In the long run the sword is always beaten by the mind. pile Bonaparte Bibliography Bonaparte, Napoleon (1769-1821), Napoleon Bonaparte Quotes, http//www. military-quotes. com/Napoleon. htm Carnes Lord Helle C. 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February 8 2006 http//mountainrunner. us/2006/02/practicing_effe. html accessed 28 January 2010 Robert Cooper, Hard power, Soft power and th e Goals of Diplomacy, in David Held/Mathias Koenig-Archibugi, American Power in the 21st Century, 2004, pp. 167-180 Rory D Huff Jr, U. S. Applications of Hard and Soft Power (online) http//www. personal. psu. edu/cpl2/blogs/powerforce/Huff%20on%20Hard%20and%20Soft%20Power. pdf accessed 28 January 2010